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Modeled points representing the base of the Newark-Gettysburg basin
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Highest confidence in modeled data point location – constrained by borehole data
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Tier 2
Moderate confidence in modeled data point location – based on cross-section and seismic data control
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Lower confidence in modeled data point location – interpolated between control points
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Pennsylvania Geological Survey, Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources
717-702-2017
3240 Schoolhouse Road
Middletown
PA
17057
US
20250925
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Surface Topography Beneath the Newark-Gettysburg Basin, Pennsylvania
2025-09-30
1
Pennsylvania Geological Survey, Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources
vector digital data
Data Release
25-02.0
Suggested citation: Cushman, E.M., Baker, M.C., Ebersole, C.M., and Guiseppe, A.C., 2025, Surface Topography Beneath the Newark-Gettysburg Basin, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 4th ser., DR 25-02.0, geodatabase.
<DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>PaGS created a new subsurface geologic dataset based on existing borehole data, a re-interpreted seismic reflection profile, and previously published non-digital products through digitization of cross section traces and extraction of XYZ data from cross sections. The generated digital surface represents the base of the Mesozoic consolidated rock units within the Newark-Gettysburg basin. PaGS and Harrisburg University of Science and Technology (HUS&amp;T) georeferenced and digitized 66 interpretive geologic cross sections that cross the boundary of the Newark-Gettysburg basin. The cross sections were retrieved from 22 publications by various authors from PaGS and USGS dated between 1931 to 2025. The cross sections were digitized into polylines and subsequently georeferenced by first georeferencing the scanned versions of the source maps, matching the start and end of each cross section to its corresponding transect line on the map (horizontal georeference), and then by performing a transformation calculation to assign Z values to the endpoints of the digitized cross section (vertical georeference). The polylines were then converted into points with XYZ coordinates. Each point from the digitized cross sections was attributed with publication source information and contact type (e.g., unconformity, fault, etc.). Arm Group, LLC provided a dataset of XYZ locations of the data shots and the elevations of the interpreted base of the Gettysburg basin from a reprocessed seismic reflection dataset originally collected in 1974 across the Gettysburg basin (Transect Line 1410-P-4). PaGS prepared a 3D model surface of the base of the Newark-Gettysburg basin in ESRI ArcPro version 3.1.4 by combining the point data from the 66 interpretive geologic cross sections, 2 available borehole logs, and 1 seismic reflection profile. For geologic cross sections not interpreted to bottom of the basin, the interpreted unconformity beneath the Triassic sedimentary units in each geologic cross section was extended in a linear fashion to ‑20,000 feet or to a depth corresponding to a similar extension on the opposing side of the basin. Contour lines at 1,000-foot intervals were constructed in a 3D space between the interpreted geologic cross sections, extrapolated unconformity lines, and the interpreted seismic reflection data to create a model “scaffolding”. Two borehole logs were available to constrain the contour placement; one borehole extended below the unconformity and is the sole empirical subsurface input point for the model. A total of 8,169 points (surface and subsurface) were used as inputs for this modeling effort. Four tiered natural neighbor interpolations at varying grid cell sizes were performed using the constructed contour lines as inputs: “Tier 1” represents the confidence in the empirical data used in the project with a grid cell size of 40 feet; “Tier 2” represents the confidence in the interpreted data and resolution of the surficial geologic mapping with a grid cell size of 400 feet; “Tier 3” represents the confidence in the model space between the interpreted data points with a grid cell size of 800 feet; and “Tier 4” represents the confidence in the extrapolated data and model space between extrapolated data points with a grid cell size of 1,600 feet. Data points were extracted from each raster with the corresponding Z values of each cell attributed to the points. The resulting modeled surface is a point dataset with varying horizontal grids and was constructing by merging: Tier 1 points within 400 feet of the borehole data; Tier 2 points within 4,000 feet of the surficial border of Mesozoic formations and within 4,000 feet of the interpretive geologic cross sections or seismic transect; Tier 3 points within 8,000 feet of the contour lines directly connecting the geologic cross sections and seismic transect; and Tier 4 points located outside of the Tiers 1, 2, and 3 buffer zones.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Point dataset representing the topography of the surface beneath the Newark-Gettysburg basin in southeast Pennsylvania prepared at an intended-use scale of 1:250,000. The dataset is to be used as a predictor of the bottom of the Newark-Gettysburg basin for mapping, modeling, and/or decision making. Elevations presented as Z values in the point files are relative to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88) in feet. The point density in the dataset corresponds to the confidence in the modeled surface; areas with a higher point density communicate a greater confidence in the elevations modeled at those locations.
The geodatabase (DR25-02_Mesozoic3D.gdb) contains two points feature classes: 1) InputPoints, which includes data points use to construction the model, and 2) ModeledSurfacePoints, which represents the modeled base of the Newark-Gettysburg basin.
Author Contributions: Elizabeth M. Cushman – model construction; geospatial analysis; geospatial data preparation. Morgen C. Baker – geospatial analysis; geospatial data preparation. Craig M. Ebersole – model construction; geospatial analysis; geospatial data preparation. Alfred C. Guiseppe – seismic reflection data interpretation; model construction; geospatial data analysis. Acknowledgements: HUS&T conducted digitization and georeferencing of source data for the model input. Arm Group, LLC acquired, reprocessed, and provided an interpretation of the seismic reflection profile. Ellen R. Fehrs of PaGS assisted with preparation and attribution of the digitized cross section points. Christopher W. Oest of PaGS provided thoughtful insight to morphology of the Newark-Gettysburg basin that helped the authors conceptually form the final topography of the modeled surface.
Pennsylvania Geological Survey, Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources
717-702-2017
3240 Schoolhouse Road
Middletown
PA
17057
US
Pennsylvania Geological Survey, Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources
717-702-2017
3240 Schoolhouse Road
Middletown
PA
17057
US
DEM
Geology
Pennsylvania
Mesozoic Basin
Pennsylvania Geological Survey
PAGS
DCNR
Department of Conservation and Natural Resources
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elevation
environment
geoscientificInformation
DEM
Geology
Pennsylvania
Mesozoic Basin
Pennsylvania Geological Survey
PAGS
DCNR
Department of Conservation and Natural Resources
elevation
environment
geoscientificInformation
<DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>The data for the geologic units and structures contained in the geodatabase may be used provided that credit for the original (unaltered) data is given to the Pennsylvania Bureau of Geological Survey, Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Users shall clearly indicate the source of the data. Users who modify the data in any way are obligated to describe the types of modifications they have made. Users are not to misrepresent these Pennsylvania Bureau of Geological Survey (or PaGS) data, nor to imply that changes they (users) have made were approved by the PaGS.These data are public information and, as such, the data may be used as a reference source and may be interpreted by organizations, agencies, units of government, or others based on needs; however, each user is responsible for the appropriate application of the data. Federal, state, or local regulatory bodies are not to reassign to PaGS any authority for the decisions they make using these data.The data are not meant for site-specific analysis at scales finer (i.e., larger, more detailed) than 1:250,000. Users are not to misrepresent the data by presenting any at scales for which it is not intended, nor to imply that presentation at such scales is approved by the PaGS.Not for commercial resale.Distribution LiabilityThese data files and accompanying documentation are provided "as is," and the user assumes the entire risk as to their quality and performance.The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania makes no guarantee or warranty concerning the accuracy of information contained in the geographic data or accompanying documentation. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania further makes no warranties, either expressed or implied, as to any other matter whatsoever, including, without limitation, the completeness or condition of the product, or its fitness for any particular purpose. The burden for determining fitness for use lies entirely with the user.Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania makes no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding the use of the data files or accompanying documentation on any other computer system, nor does the act of distribution constitute any such warranty.Reference therein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania government or any agency thereof.The user shall save the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania harmless and indemnify it from any suits, claims, or actions arising out of the use of or any defect in the data files or accompanying documentation. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania assumes no legal liability for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the data files and accompanying documentation. In no event shall the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania have any liability whatsoever for payment of any consequential, incidental, indirect, special, or tort damages of any kind, including, but not limited to, any loss of profits arising out of use of or reliance on the geographic data.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Distribution Liability
These data files and accompanying documentation are provided "as is," and the user assumes the entire risk as to their quality and performance.
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania makes no guarantee or warranty concerning the accuracy of information contained in the geographic data or accompanying documentation. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania further makes no warranties, either expressed or implied, as to any other matter whatsoever, including, without limitation, the completeness or condition of the product, or its fitness for any particular purpose. The burden for determining fitness for use lies entirely with the user.
Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania makes no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding the use of the data files or accompanying documentation on any other computer system, nor does the act of distribution constitute any such warranty.
Reference therein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania government or any agency thereof.
The user shall save the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania harmless and indemnify it from any suits, claims, or actions arising out of the use of or any defect in the data files or accompanying documentation. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania assumes no legal liability for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the data files and accompanying documentation. In no event shall the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania have any liability whatsoever for payment of any consequential, incidental, indirect, special, or tort damages of any kind, including, but not limited to, any loss of profits arising out of use of or reliance on the geographic data.
The data contained in the geodatabase may be used provided that credit for the original (unaltered) data is given to the Pennsylvania Bureau of Geological Survey, Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Users shall clearly indicate the source of the data. Users who modify the data in any way are obligated to describe the types of modifications they have made. Users are not to misrepresent these Pennsylvania Bureau of Geological Survey (or PaGS) data, nor to imply that changes they (users) have made were approved by the PaGS. These data are public information and, as such, the data may be used as a reference source and may be interpreted by organizations, agencies, units of government, or others based on needs; however, each user is responsible for the appropriate application of the data. Federal, state, or local regulatory bodies are not to reassign to PaGS any authority for the decisions they make using these data. The data are not meant for site-specific analysis at scales finer (i.e., larger, more detailed) than 1:24,000. Users are not to misrepresent the data by presenting any at scales for which it is not intended, nor to imply that presentation at such scales is approved by the PaGS. Not for commercial resale. Distribution Liability -These data files and accompanying documentation are provided "as is," and the user assumes the entire risk as to their quality and performance. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania makes no guarantee or warranty concerning the accuracy of information contained in the geographic data or accompanying documentation. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania further makes no warranties, either expressed or implied, as to any other matter whatsoever, including, without limitation, the completeness or condition of the product, or its fitness for any particular purpose. The burden for determining fitness for use lies entirely with the user. Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania makes no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding the use of the data files or accompanying documentation on any other computer system, nor does the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Reference therein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania government or any agency thereof. The user shall save the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania harmless and indemnify it from any suits, claims, or actions arising out of the use of or any defect in the data files or accompanying documentation. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania assumes no legal liability for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the data files and accompanying documentation. In no event shall the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania have any liability whatsoever for payment of any consequential, incidental, indirect, special, or tort damages of any kind, including, but not limited to, any loss of profits arising out of use of or reliance on the geographic data.
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Dataset completion date.
Min Z -37,461.610608 ftUS
Max Z 15,177.833992 ftUS
2025-09-09
-19999.999895
1011.000077
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The data for the geologic units and structures contained in the geodatabase may be used provided that credit for the original (unaltered) data is given to the Pennsylvania Bureau of Geological Survey, Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Users shall clearly indicate the source of the data. Users who modify the data in any way are obligated to describe the types of modifications they have made. Users are not to misrepresent these Pennsylvania Bureau of Geological Survey (or PaGS) data, nor to imply that changes they (users) have made were approved by the PaGS.These data are public information and, as such, the data may be used as a reference source and may be interpreted by organizations, agencies, units of government, or others based on needs; however, each user is responsible for the appropriate application of the data. Federal, state, or local regulatory bodies are not to reassign to PaGS any authority for the decisions they make using these data.The data are not meant for site-specific analysis at scales finer (i.e., larger, more detailed) than 1:250,000. Users are not to misrepresent the data by presenting any at scales for which it is not intended, nor to imply that presentation at such scales is approved by the PaGS.Not for commercial resale.Distribution LiabilityThese data files and accompanying documentation are provided "as is," and the user assumes the entire risk as to their quality and performance.The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania makes no guarantee or warranty concerning the accuracy of information contained in the geographic data or accompanying documentation. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania further makes no warranties, either expressed or implied, as to any other matter whatsoever, including, without limitation, the completeness or condition of the product, or its fitness for any particular purpose. The burden for determining fitness for use lies entirely with the user.Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania makes no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding the use of the data files or accompanying documentation on any other computer system, nor does the act of distribution constitute any such warranty.Reference therein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania government or any agency thereof.The user shall save the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania harmless and indemnify it from any suits, claims, or actions arising out of the use of or any defect in the data files or accompanying documentation. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania assumes no legal liability for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the data files and accompanying documentation. In no event shall the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania have any liability whatsoever for payment of any consequential, incidental, indirect, special, or tort damages of any kind, including, but not limited to, any loss of profits arising out of use of or reliance on the geographic data.
Coverage is complete for the area of the map.
Coverage is complete for the area of the map.
Cross Section
Bascom, F., and Stose, G. W., 1938, Geology and mineral resources of the Honeybrook and Phoenixville quadrangle, Pennsylvania: United States Geological Survey, Bulletin 891, 145 p.
Cross Section
Bascom, F., Wherry, E. T., Stose, G. W. and others, 1931, Geology and mineral resources of the Quakertown - Doylestown district, Pennsylvania and New Jersey: United States Geological Survey, Bulletin 828, 62 p.
Surficial Bedrock Geology
Berg, T. M., Edmunds, W. E., Geyer, A. R., and others, compilers, 1980, Geologic map of Pennsylvania (2nd ed.): Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 4th ser., Map 1, 3 sheets, scale 1:250,000.
Cross Section and Surficial Bedrock Geology
Bierly, A. D., and Oest, C. W., 2023, Bedrock geologic map of the Mesozoic basin in the Ambler, Hatboro, and Langhorne 7.5-minute quadrangles, Bucks County, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 4th ser., Map 23–01.0, scale 1:24,000, geodatabase.
Borehole Data
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Environmental Protection, 2025, Oil and Gas Locations: Pennsylvania Spatial Data Access, https://www.pasda.psu.edu/uci/DataSummary.aspx?dataset=283 (Accessed February 3, 2025).
Cross Section
Drake, A.A., 1967, Geologic map of the Riegelsville quadrangle, Pennsylvania-New Jersey: United States Geological Survey, Geologic Quadrangle 593, scale 1:24,000.
Cross Section and Surficial Bedrock Geology
Drake, A.A., 1999, Geologic map of the Allentown East quadrangle, Lehigh, Northampton, and Bucks Counties, Pennsylvania: United States Geological Survey, Geologic Quadrangle 1804, scale 1:24,000.
Cross Section
Geyer, A.R., Buckwalter, T.V., McLaughlin, D.B., and Gray, Carlyle, 1963, Geology and mineral resources of the Womelsdorf quadrangle: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 4th ser., Atlas 177c, 96 p.
Cross Section
Geyer, A.R., Gray, Carlyle, McLaughlin, D.B., and Moseley, J.R., 1958, Geology of the Lebanon quadrangle: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 4th ser., Atlas 167c, scale 1:24,000.
Borehole Data
Gold, D.P., Alexander, S.S., Cakir, R., and others, compilers, 2005, Basement depth and related geospatial database for Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 4th ser., Open-File Report OFGG 05–01.0, 1 map, scale 1:500,000.
Cross Section
Gray, Carlyle, Geyer, A.R., and McLaughlin, D.B., 1958, Geology of the Richland quadrangle: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 4th ser., Atlas 167d, scale 1:24,000.
Surficial Bedrock Geology
Kochanov, W.E., 2016, Geology of part of the Chester Valley area, Chester, Delaware, Montgomery, and Philadelphia Counties, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 4th ser., Open-File Report OFGA 16–01.0, 40 p., 1 map, scale 1:36,000.
Cross Section
Lapham, D.M., and Gray, Carlyle, 1973, Geology and origin of the Triassic magnetite deposit and diabase at Cornwall, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 4th ser., Mineral Resource Report 56, 343 p.
Cross Section and Surficial Bedrock Geology
Lyttle, P.T., and Epstein, J.B., 1987, Geologic map of the Newark 1 degree by 2 degrees Quadrangle, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and New York: United States Geological Survey, IMAP 1715, scale 1:250,000.
Cross Section and Surficial Bedrock Geology
MacLachlan, D.B., 1983, Geology and mineral resources of the Reading and Birdsboro quadrangles, Berks County, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 4th ser., Atlas 187cd, scale 1:24,000.
Cross Section
MacLachlan, D.B., Buckwalter, T.V., and McLaughlin, D.B., 1975, Geology and mineral resources of the Sinking Spring quadrangle, Berks and Lancaster Counties, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 4th ser., Atlas 177d, 228 p.
Cross Section
Root, S.I., 1977, Geology and mineral resources of the Harrisburg West area, Cumberland and York Counties, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 4th ser., Atlas 148ab, 106 p.
Cross Section
Root, S.I., 1978, Geology and mineral resources of the Carlisle and Mechanicsburg quadrangles, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 4th ser., Atlas 138ab, scale 1:24,000.
Cross Section
Stose, A.I., and Stose, G.W., 1944, Geology of the Hanover-York district, Pennsylvania: United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper 204, 84 p.
Cross Section
Stose, G.W., 1932, Geology and mineral resources of Adams County, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 4th ser., County Report 1, pt. 1, 153 p.
Cross Section
Stose, G.W., 1953, Geology of the Carlisle quadrangle, Pennsylvania: United States Geological Survey, Geologic Quadrangle 28, scale 1:62,500.
Cross Section
Stose, G.W., and Jonas, A.I., 1933, Geology and mineral resources of the Middletown quadrangle, Pennsylvania: United States Geological Survey, Bulletin 840, 86 p.
Cross Section
Stose, G.W., and Jonas, A.I., 1939, Geology and mineral resources of York County, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 4th ser., County Report 67, 199 p.
Cross Section
Tucker, M., 2025, Geologic Map of the Arendtsville, Biglerville, Fairfield, and Gettysburg Quadrangles and the Pennsylvania portion of the Emmitsburg and Taneytown Quadrangles: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 4th ser., Map 25-02, scale 1:50,000.
Cross Section
Willard, B., Freedman, J., McLaughlin, D.B., and others, 1959, Geology and mineral resources of Bucks County, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 4th ser., County Report 9, 243 p.
Digital Elevation Model
Penn State Institutes of Energy and the Environment, 2015, PAMAP Program, 3m County Mosaic Digital Elevation Model: Pennsylvania Spatial Data Access, www.pasda.psu.edu - /download/pamap/LidarMosaics/CountyMosaics/county_DEM_3M/
The Pennsylvania Geological Survey (PaGS) and Harrisburg University of Science and Technology digitized and georeferenced 66 interpretive geologic cross sections that cross the boundary of the Newark-Gettysburg basin. The cross sections were retrieved from 22 publications by various authors from PaGS and U.S. Geological Survey dated between 1931 to 2025. The cross sections were digitized into polylines and subsequently georeferenced by first georeferencing the scanned versions of the source maps, matching the start and end of each cross section to its corresponding transect line on the map (horizontal georeference), and then by performing a transformation calculation to assign Z values to the endpoints of the digitized cross section (vertical georeference). The polylines were then converted into points with XYZ coordinates. Arm Group, LLC was contracted to reprocess a seismic-reflection data originally collected in 1974 across the Gettysburg basin (Transect Line 1410-P-4). Arm and PaGS provided a dataset of XYZ locations of the data shots and the elevations of the interpreted base of the Gettysburg basin. The final modeled dataset was prepared by PaGS in ESRI ArcGIS Pro version 3.1.4 by combining the point data from the 66 interpretive geologic cross sections, 2 available borehole logs, and 1 seismic reflection profile. A total of 8,169 points (surface and subsurface) were used as inputs for this modeling effort. Contour lines at 1,000-foot intervals were constructed in a 3D space to create a model "scaffolding". Four tiered, natural neighbor interpolations at varying grid cell sizes were performed using the constructed contour lines as inputs. Data points were extracted from each raster with the corresponding Z values of each cell attributed to the points to generate the final dataset of 96,948 points representing the base of the Newark-Gettysburg basin.
2025-09-25
Pennsylvania Geological Survey, Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources
717-702-2017
3240 Schoolhouse Road
Middletown
PA
17057
US
dataset
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